Adipokines: mediators of immunity and inflammation

White adipose tissue has emerged as a highly dynamic organ that releases a plethora of immune and inflammatory mediators that are involved in obesity, metabolic syndrome and immune mediated diseases. Adipokines have complex role in various physiological and pathological processes by exerting potent modulatory actions on target tissues In this Review, In this review, we explore the effects of different adipokines, focusing primarily on leptin, adiponectin, visfatin and resistin in causing immune-mediated and/or inflammatory diseases

Life-Add: Lifetime Adjustable Design for WiFi Networks with Heterogeneous Energy Supplies

WiFi usage significantly reduces the battery lifetime of handheld devices such as smartphones and tablets, due to its high energy consumption. In this paper, we propose "Life-Add": a Lifetime Adjustable design for WiFi networks, where the devices are powered by battery, electric power, and/or renewable energy. In Life-Add, a device turns off its radio to save energy when the channel is sensed to be busy, and sleeps for a random time period before sensing the channel again. Life-Add carefully controls the devices' average sleep periods to improve their throughput while satisfying their operation time requirement. It is proven that Life-Add achieves near-optimal proportional-fair utility performance for single access point (AP) scenarios. Moreover, Life-Add alleviates the near-far effect and hidden terminal problem in general multiple AP scenarios. Our ns-3 simulations show that Life-Add simultaneously improves the lifetime, throughput, and fairness performance of WiFi networks, and coexists harmoniously with IEEE 802.11.Comment: This is the technical report of our WiOpt paper. The paper received the best student paper award at IEEE WiOpt 2013. The first three authors are co-primary author

Dental Health Insurance in India: Need of the Hour!

India is a vast country of diverse cultures and languages. People of the Indian subcontinent lack sufficient knowledge about dentistry as a science, thus making it a necessity to provide dental care to the masses. High cost of dental treatment and lesser oral health practices among people in India predispose to altered oral hygiene. Dental Insurance in India is of great relevance in making oral care facilities available to one and all. However, it has just completed its first step, and only few insurance organizations are giving dental insurance provision, in contrast to the medical insurance companies which cover most of the Indian population. Therefore, the main objective of this review paper was to assess the provision of oral health insurance schemes in the Indian subcontinent and their knowledge and utilization by Indian public. For this, we studied the articles published in last few years from various sources regarding dental insurance in India. It was revealed that currently, there are only a few dental insurance policies, but with time and modern resources, dental insurance schemes in India will surely increase. As time progresses, a stage will be reached where each and every Indian will be protected by a trustworthy Dental Insurance scheme

Inter-Kingdom Signaling Interactions in Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Infections

The overall goal of this research was to understand the role of inter-kingdom signaling in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) infections of the human gastro-intestinal (GI) tract from the perspective of both the invading pathogen and the human intestinal epithelial cells, which they colonize. Differential gene expression of EHEC was studied upon exposure to the human neuroendocrine hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine. We determined that these hormones increase EHEC chemotaxis, motility, biofilm formation, colonization of host cells, and virulence gene expression. We also studied the EHEC response to the GI tract commensal bacterial signaling molecules indole and autoinducer-2 (AI-2). We observed that indole decreases all the EHEC phenotypes that are increased by the human hormones and represses EHEC virulence. However, the effect of AI-2 was similar to that observed with hormones and opposite to that observed with indole, i.e. AI-2 increases EHEC virulence phenotypes. We studied changes in host cell transcriptome in the presence of the commensal bacterial signal indole. Indole increases expression of genes involved in tight junction and gap junction formation, and production of mucins and actin cytoskeleton genes. Indole also down-regulates genes encoding for pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and Toll-like receptors. The gene expression results were confirmed with phenotypic assays where we observed an increase in trans-epithelial resistance, increase in the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, decrease in the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8, decrease in the activity of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB, and decrease in colonization by EHEC of the indole-pre-treated HCT-8 cells. We established that factors secreted by epithelial cells are important determinants of EHEC virulence. Gene expression studies showed that 34 out of 41 LEE virulence genes were induced when EHEC was cultured in conditioned medium. In addition, the data showed increased expression of the shiga toxin-2 prophage 933W. These changes in gene expression were corroborated by a 5-fold increase in HCT-8 cell colonization and increased intracellular Stx2 phage titers. We determined that the HCT-8-secreted factor(s) was protein-based and that it was greater than 3 kDa in size. In conclusion, we have characterized the pathogen response to various eukaryotic and prokaryotic GI tract signals. We have established, for the first time, that the commensal bacterial signal indole is an inter-kingdom signal for the host epithelial cells. Overall, our studies provide a greater understanding of host-pathogen interactions

Ergonomics: Need of the Hour

The success in any practice is dependent on efficient workflow, with minimum risk to injury and cumulative trauma. Work in a dental office calls for deftness in cognitive abilities and can, more often than not, be physically challenging. Repeated use of movements and postures that go against the natural or anatomical alignment and limitations of the human body often lead to what is known as cumulative trauma leading to development of musculoskeletal disorders. The whole idea of ergonomics in the workplace is to avoid any such exigencies. Through this review it is intended to bring forth the widely known yet often neglected aspect of dental practice; that is the human factor in workplace efficiency

Pattern of adverse drug reactions in new smear positive patients of pulmonary tuberculosis treated under directly observed treatment short course

Background: Directly observed treatment short course (DOTS), a combination therapy, drugs are administered for six to eight months in patients diagnosed with tuberculosis, increases the risk of adverse drug reactions. The objective of this study was to study the adverse drug reaction profile of new sputum smear positive (NSP) patients of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) treated under DOTS. A prospective observational study was carried out in Dr. RPGMC Kangra at Tanda, Himachal Pradesh, India over a period of six months.Methods: The study included 130 newly diagnosed TB patients on anti‑TB treatment under DOTS. A symptom based approach was followed for monitoring ADRs. The severity was assessed by Modified Hartwig scale and causality by WHO-UMC probability scale. Data was expressed as percentages for discrete variables using Microsoft excel.Results: Out of the total 130, 84 patients experienced ADRs with an overall incidence of 64.6%. 45 (34.6%) patients showed single ADR whereas 39 (30%) patients had two or more ADRs. Gastritis alone was present in 36 (27.8%) patients followed by itching 2 (1.5%), hypersensitivity 2 (1.5%), arthralgia 2 (1.5%), generalized weakness 2 (1.5%) and jaundice in 1 (0.8%) patients. Vomiting was present in 29 (22.2%) patients, neuropathy in 4 (3.1%) patients, arthralgia in 2(1.5%) patients, hypersensitivity, jaundice, itching and generalized weakness in 1 (0.8%) patient each. 21 (16.2%) patients experienced mild , 56 (43.1%) had moderate and only 7 (5.4%) had severe ADRs. All the ADRs were possible in nature.Conclusions: The incidence of ADRs was 64.6% and GI irritation was found to be most common ADR reported by 57.6% patients

DIMENSIONS OF CULINARY TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY IN GOLDEN TRIANGLE OF INDIA

Purpose: Delhi, Agra and Jaipur form the golden triangle of India. This tourist triangle is designed to up-sell in the market with lucrative offers. “Palace on Wheels” is a luxury train that runs on this route and is targeted for foreign clientele with its extravagance segment. These three destinations have their significance due to the presence of historical monuments and UNESCO world heritage sites i.e., Qutub Minar, India Gate, Tajmahal, and many more. These places also offer an enormous variety of food and beverage with warm hospitality to relieve the tired tourists. The gourmet dishes of Golden Triangle are a must to try as it dates to the traditional cooking combined with a spicy aroma and soothing beverages. The paper is structured to judge the culinary facet and warm hospitality of the Golden Triangle. The main objective is to find out the impact of traditional food in attracting travellers. It will also identify the food trail experiences in enhancing a niche segment of buyers for culinary tourism. Design/methodology/approach: The research is exploratory and draws on food and beverage culinary experience delivery in the Golden Triangle. The exploratory research will judge the effectiveness of food tours and the warm hospitality extended to food tourists. Findings: The research will examine how Culinary Tourism and Hospitality in the Golden Triangle of India can form a niche segment of food and beverage buyers. How it enhances the customer experience with hospitable conduct. The study will highlight the benefits of culinary tourism and hospitality. Practical implications: The paper recommends the concepts of food and beverage culinary tourism experience for creating a niche segment of buyers as well as attracting potential buyers with its approach. The research will synthesize the factors to improve customer interest in taking food and beverage tourism. Originality/value: The research sought to address the advantages of curating food and beverage tourists in the golden triangle of India. It will also address how food and beverage tours can influence culinary tourism. JEL Classification: L83, Z3

Automatic Personalization of User Interfaces based on User Interaction Analytics

The default user interface (UI) of software applications is the same for all users, even though users differ in terms of their needs and preferences for using the software. UI customization is typically limited to the most advanced and/or highly active users. As a result, a significant proportion of users of a software do not reap the benefits of having a UI that is personalized to them. This disclosure describes techniques to determine and present a personalized UI to each user or an application, with the user’s permission. UI personalization is performed based on analytics of user-permitted data of user interaction and other relevant information. The analysis can be performed by a suitably trained machine learning model which outputs the optimal personalized UI for each user. Model training and execution is performed on the user device, and if the user permits, on a server that trains the model based on aggregated, non-identifiable user data

Differential Effects of Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, and Indole on Escherichia coli O157:H7 Chemotaxis, Colonization, and Gene Expression

During infection in the gastrointestinal tract, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 is exposed to a wide range of signaling molecules, including the eukaryotic hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine, and bacterial signal molecules such as indole. Since these signaling molecules have been shown to be involved in the regulation of phenotypes such as motility and virulence that are crucial for EHEC infections, we hypothesized that these molecules also govern the initial recognition of the large intestine environment and attachment to the host cell surface. Here, we report that, compared to indole, epinephrine and norepinephrine exert divergent effects on EHEC chemotaxis, motility, biofilm formation, gene expression, and colonization of HeLa cells. Using a novel two-fluorophore chemotaxis assay, it was found that EHEC is attracted to epinephrine and norepinephrine while it is repelled by indole. In addition, epinephrine and norepinephrine also increased EHEC motility and biofilm formation while indole attenuated these phenotypes. DNA microarray analysis of surface-associated EHEC indicated that epinephrine/norepinephrine up-regulated the expression of genes involved in surface colonization and virulence while exposure to indole decreased their expression. The gene expression data also suggested that autoinducer 2 uptake was repressed upon exposure to epinephrine/norepinephrine but not indole. In vitro adherence experiments confirmed that epinephrine and norepinephrine increased attachment to epithelial cells while indole decreased adherence. Taken together, these results suggest that epinephrine and norepinephrine increase EHEC infection while indole attenuates the process

Editorial: Frontiers in malaria research

No abstract available